Geographical knowledge induction
(a) of the territories and administrative units
1. The location of the land and sea
Location: eastern Asia, the Pacific West Coast.
Latitude and longitude of the location: across our territory north and south latitude nearly 50 degrees, mostly in the temperate zone, a small part in the tropics, not cold. 60 degrees longitude east and west across much of the Ussuri River and the eastern end of the westernmost plateau plateau Seoul Pa ten more than 4 hours time difference.
2 . the vast vast majority of our territory
territory, with a total area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, second only to Russia, Canada, the world No. 3, almost the same area with the whole of Europe. The four-terminal is our territory: the East end in Heilongjiang and Wusuli the intersection of the centerline of the main channel (135.E more), the most western in the vicinity of the Pamirs (73.E), a distance of about 5,000 km south in the James Shoal (4. N), north of Mohe in Heilongjiang in the far north of the center line of the main channel (53.N) more, located about 5500 km north-south.
3. boundaries and land borders of neighboring
twenty thousand thousand meters and the neighboring countries of China, 14. Korea to the east, the north is Russia, Mongolia, northwest and southwest Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan junction. south Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar.
mainland coastline of 18,000 kilometers, from north to south near the coast with the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea and South China Sea. China's territorial waters, is the baseline from the coast to the sea extends to 12 nautical miles waters. Bohai Sea and the Sea Qiongzhou Strait for my country. Coastal distribution of the island of Taiwan, Hainan Island, Zhoushan Islands, the South China Sea Islands and other islands more than 5,000 large and small. with our neighbors across the sea are: Korea, Japan, Philippines , Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia six countries.
4.
administrative divisions into our country is the basic administrative provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), counties (autonomous) and township (town) levels, the provincial administrative units includes 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and 2 special administrative regions. The country is divided in the history of Northeast, North China, East China, South, Southwest and Northwest Region 6. Hong Kong, Kowloon, Macau is part of our territory. Chinese and British governments signed in December 1984 Joint Declaration on Hong Kong, China's government in July 1, 1997 resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong, in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the implementation of ;. China and the Portuguese Government in April 1987 in Beijing, signed a Joint Declaration on the Question of Macao, the statement reiterated that the Chinese leader on Macau. our government was December 20, 1999 resumption of sovereignty over Macao, in my exercise of sovereignty over Macao, under the implementation of 22% of the total population, is the world's most populous country. China's population distribution is more than the southeast, northwest less. rural population proportion, 74%, the proportion of urban population is small, only 26%.
2. Overseas Chinese
our more than 3,000 million overseas Chinese and Chinese distribution around the world. compatriots origin in Guangdong and Fujian provinces up to the two provincial hometown in many places has always been known for.
3. to control population growth and improve population Quality
prominent characteristic of our population a large population base, rapid population growth. Therefore, the implementation of family planning is still a basic state policy of China. to control population growth and improve population quality is still an urgent task to accelerate the four modernizations. < br> 4.
multi-ethnic socialist state of China is a unified multi-ethnic socialist country. total of 56 ethnic groups. Han largest population, accounting for about 92% of the population. the other 55 ethnic groups less , collectively referred to as minorities. is the most populous minority Zhuang, more than 1,500 million. 400 million or more people there Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian, Tibetan and other Han distribution throughout the country, mainly In the eastern and central; minority mainly in the southwest, northwest and northeast border areas. In short the distribution of various ethnic groups live together is characterized by large and small settlements.
(c) topography 1, of the topographical features of the terrain
complex and diverse, plains, plateaus, mountains and hills. basin, five terrain available, the majority of mountain area, an area accounting for about 2 / 3; lying west to east, roughly three ladder-like distribution. southwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of 4,000 meters above the first step. Daxinganling a Taihang Mountains in Wushan a Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau east of a line between the west and the first step ladder for the second stage, 1,000 meters above sea level and 2000 meters, mainly for the plateau and basin. s Second step to the east of the land above sea level back to the surface of the third grade ladder, at 500 meters above sea level, mainly hills and plains.
complex and diverse terrain, forming a complex and diverse climate; lying west to the east of China, ladder-like characteristics of the distribution is conducive to deep moist air inland, supply a large number of water vapor; the music rolling river flow, communication, transport things; river inflow from the high level of low-level step ladder lots, fast-flowing, resulting in huge of water.
2.
main east-west mountain ranges of the three distribution line: from north to south Tianshan a Yinshan a Yanshan; a Qinling Mountains Kunlun Mountains; Nanling. northeast southwest direction for a three columns: From the West The East is a Daxinganling a Taihang Mountains in Wushan a Xuefeng; Changbai a Wuyishan; Taiwan mountains.
north-south 2: Helan Mountain; transverse mountain. northwest to southeast are two: Altai Mountains, Qilian Mountains. in our country and the junction of the Himalayas, Nepal, the main peak of a Mount Everest, 8848 meters above sea level; is the world's highest peak.
3. plateaus, plains, basins and hills
the characteristics and distribution of the four major plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in southwest China, the average more than 4,000 meters above sea level, is the largest, the world's highest large plateau. which is characterized by steep mountainous and snow-capped mountains stretching, glaciers widespread, numerous lakes, vast grasslands, water is sufficient. Inner Mongolia Plateau in northern China, including Inner Mongolia and most of Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei, part of about 1,000 meters above sea level, is the second largest plateau in China. Its features: open floor flat, undulating terrain; more grassland and desert. Loess Plateau at an altitude of 1,000 meters and 2000 meters. Land Cover the loose soil layer, is the world's most widely yellow Shibu, the most profound areas; water wastage; thousands of gullies. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau widespread karst topography; mountains and downs; bumpy.
the distribution of the four basin and features: Sichuan Basin is located in eastern Sichuan, due to widespread purple sandy shale, with l red basins , the middle of the Taklimakan Desert is the largest desert in China, is China's largest inland basin. Qaidam Basin is located in the northwest province of innovation, most of the Gobi desert, more than the eastern marshes, Salt Lake, is typical of the highest-lying inland plateau basin.
the distribution and characteristics of the three plains: the Northeast Plain, the surface is known for its fertile black soil, more than 200 meters above sea level, surrounded by the largest plain. North China Plain, low and flat, fertile fields thousands of miles, is the second largest plain. Yangtze River Basin is located along the Yangtze River, low and flat, dense river network, lakes.
main hills: hills Liaodong and Shandong hills, hills and other Southeast.
4. Distribution of major seismic and volcanic belt District
China is one of many earthquakes, the main distribution areas: �� the southeastern coast of Taiwan and Fujian; �� along the North Pacific and in the region of the line; �� southwestern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and its people Yunnan provinces four J West; �� northwestern Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia.
(d) temperature and temperature with climate l.
monsoon climate zone in China, a large difference in air temperature in summer and winter. the temperature distribution as follows: winter temperatures generally partial low, south hot cold north, the temperature difference between north and south, more than 50 ��. The main reason is: the southern hemisphere winter, direct sunlight, the Northern Hemisphere receive less solar energy; latitude effect: winter prevailing winter wind. generally hot summer in most areas (except outside the Tibetan Plateau ), north and south temperature difference. The main reason is: the northern hemisphere summer, direct sunlight, heat and more access to the northern hemisphere; summer prevailing summer winds, temperatures in most parts of China rose to the highest value; summer sun height and large, the higher the latitude, the day is longer slow to accept the North-South differences in solar heating. winter is the coldest place in the town of Mohe, the summer is the hottest place in Turpan, Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, known as China's : The frost-free period all over the country, in general, from south to north, from the coast to the mainland gradually reduced. frost or as long as the crop growing season long. otherwise short.
2. precipitation and in the wet areas
distribution of precipitation and its causes:
characteristics: the spatial distribution of annual precipitation along the coast from the southeast to the northwest with a decrease inland features.
Cause: China's southeast coastal, deep into the Eurasian continental interior Northwest, making water circulation from the southeast China coast inland to the northwest gradually weakened. On the other hand, can bring a lot of summer monsoon rainfall by the barrier and the heavy mountain road far more constrained, the impact from the southeast coast inland to the northwest decreases.
seasonal precipitation: seasonal distribution of rainfall over the country is very uneven, concentrated rainfall in most parts of the country from May to October. The rainfall during the year generally accounts for 80%. to look at different areas north and south, the south end of the rainy season began early and late, the north end of the rainy season started late and early.
Cause: This time of variation of precipitation, with the monsoon due to the rain front moving with the passage of time produced the phenomenon of sub- do not open. May, north of the warm air and cold air southward along the Nanling met this wandering in the rain belt, South rainy season; June, with the frontal rain band over the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River Approximately one month left downstream swing and rainy, at a time when plums ripening season, known as the Yangtze River in the rainy season; July and August, with the frontal rainband advance to the north, northeast and other places, the precipitation in northern China increased significantly; in September, the cold air forces in the north increased frontal rain band with the rapid withdrawal to the south of the Yangtze, coupled with wind and rain with Taiwan, South China at this time still more rain.
the geographical distribution of precipitation: distribution is extremely uneven, the overall trend is decreasing along the southeast coast inland to the northwest. a place where most of the precipitation is Taiwan's fire department, at least where it is Toksun in the Turpan Basin.
division of wet and dry areas; According to the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, from the southeast coast of China to the northwest interior wet area can be divided into four categories: overview of the following table:
3.
the main features of the climate in China a variety of climate types, the mainland monsoon climate marked the two main features of the climate in our country. monsoon climate is characterized by: the winter winds from the north, cold in the dry; summer southerly wind blowing, warm and humid.
the formation of monsoon and the monsoon: the monsoon is changing with the seasons the wind to change direction. sea and land between the main reason for the formation of the monsoon.
monsoon region and the non-monsoon: the habit of our country by the marked regional summer monsoon monsoon region, said; to little effect by the summer monsoon The area known as non-monsoon region. The boundary is roughly: a Yin Daxinganling a Gangdise Helan Mountain of a line east of the Bayan Har Mountains a region south of the monsoon area.
4. The main factors affect our climate
a location, topography and monsoon. location, location and refers to the latitude of the location of the land and sea; terrain, topography refers to the impact of high and low and mountains; monsoon, winter and summer monsoons that effect.
5. Climate advantages and disadvantages of the impact on agricultural production
main advantage of the climate in China: complex and diverse climate, is conducive to the growth of many plants and crops, in order to provide a wealth of flora and fauna; majority of the monsoon climate zone, the same period of rain and heat to crops, trees, pasture growth and maturation benefit; summer temperatures, expanding the northern boundary of thermophilic crops, China is the most northern rice growing countries north. The main drawback is that the climate in China: by the monsoon strength effects of interannual variation of rainfall across a large, easy to damage the water early; cold, frost and severe weather caused by the typhoon, damage crops harvest.
(e) Rivers and lakes
1. outflow regions and District
flow directly or indirectly, the river flows into the sea called the outflow of the river. outflow of the river valley known as the outflow area. not to shed the ocean, flows into inland lakes or disappear half-way flow of rivers is called River. within the flow of the river River flow area is called.
River and its hydrological characteristics of the outflow: the Qinling-Huai River line as a boundary, south, north characteristics for clear differences between the river outflow: outflow of the river south of a large amount of seasonal water level changes in small, long season , sediment concentration of small, non-freezing period; northern Heilongjiang and a few rivers in addition, the river flow is small, the water level in flood season is shorter seasons regulation, sediment large. The reason is that a large southern precipitation; the rainy season long, more lush plants , river sediment and decrease in winter temperatures above 0 ��. North just the opposite.
main river and hydrological characteristics: Domestic and mainly distributed in north-west river, the Tarim River is China's best known river. mountain snow melt water is the main source of water within the river, and thus the hydrological characteristics and seasonal rivers are closely related.
2.
Yangtze River Yangtze River is the first, is the source of a Tuotuohe, originated in the Tibetan Plateau the south side of the main peak of Gela Dan Tanggula things, 6,300 km, flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other door provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and into the East China Sea. From Xuefeng Dandong to Lhasa for the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei, canyons and more fast-flowing drop of large, abundant water resources is its hydrological characteristics, the famous Three Gorges (Lei Tong Gorge, Wu Gorge, Xiling Gorge) in respect of the Yangtze River; from Yichang the middle reaches to Hukou in Jiangxi, which a bend of the Yangtze River, lakes and more branches and more; from Hukou to the following for the downstream Yangtze River estuary, a tributary of this little river deep water, river affected by tides, water level fluctuation time. Yangtze River in China since ancient times things that shipping artery, the Yangtze River routes have a large volume. investment, low cost, the Yangtze River water resources, one-third of the country's total reserves. Gezhouba the Yangtze River's first large-scale water control, is currently the largest hydropower generating capacity in China; world watched as the Three Gorges water conservancy project, December 14, 1994 officially started, to 2009, 70 million kilowatts will be installed into the generator 26, and 84.6 billion kwh of electricity, than the current������̩�� the world's largest hydropower station has a large 40%. The original shipping only ships to Chongqing from 1000 tons to 5000 tons. to make known as the more important role to play.
3.
Yellow River Yellow River is China's second longest river, rises in the northern foot of Bayan Har Tibetan plateau, flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan , Shandong and other nine provinces, autonomous regions, and into the Bohai Sea, the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountains to Mongolia from the mouth of the town for the upstream section of the Qinghai source, the water clear, slow water flow; Qinghai, Gansu section of the east, valleys and more water became muddy, water increases; Qingtongxia east of the Mongolian section of the fixed, steady water flow, water becomes less. from the estuary to the Henan Yu-chun, the town of the middle reaches, has accepted the Fen, Wei and other dozens of tributaries, water depth flow needs, including large amount of sand; Mengjin following downstream, flows through the plains, width of river water slowly, sedimentation as Legend burst its banks and flooded. Harnessing the Yellow River sediment is the key to the problem.
4. lake
our lakes, more than 2,000 natural lakes, the major freshwater lakes are: rustic Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Hunan's Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province and Lake, Chaohu Lake in Anhui. located in the Qinghai Lake Qinghai is the largest lake and largest saltwater lake. located in the Nam Co, central Tibet, the second largest saltwater lake in China, is also the highest lake in China.
(f) the use of marine
1. neighboring China Mainland China Offshore Marine
have the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea and South China Sea, as well as the Pacific Ocean east of Taiwan. Among them, the Bohai Sea is China's inland sea.
2. rich marine resources of the continental shelf
: also known as fertile part of the rich in oil, coal, iron and other mineral resources, marine resources is extremely rich place.
lot of offshore fishing grounds. Tokai known position known as natural fish. Zhoushan fishing ground is a large fishing grounds of national the north of the Bohai Gulf shrimp fishery is known to abound.
China's salt production ranks first in the world. Changlu salt are the main salt, sea salt field in Yingge, bag salt.
seabed oil resources: mineral resources of the oceans is rich in oil, natural gas is an important marine minerals. reserves the East China Sea continental shelf of the best, followed by the South China Sea and Bohai Sea.
(VII) Transport and tourism
1.
Now our main rail lines in addition Tibet, provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have a railway. north-south route are: Beijing-Harbin a Beijing / Beijing-Shanghai line, a willow branch line of coke, Po into a Chengdu-Kunming line, and September 1, 1996 opening of the Beijing-Kowloon line C. west trunk line of Beijing-Beijing-Qinhuangdao a package of a Beijing-Lanzhou line, Longhai a new line of blue, a Shanghai-Hangzhou-Guiyang-Kunming ZheGan Xiangqian a line, under construction in the Southern Xinjiang Railway Line will extend the Lanzhou Hai mm to the most western border city of Kashgar in China currency is an important channel of access to Central Asia.
2.
major ocean routes and ports more than 100 tons of deep-water berths. north coast line to Dalian and Shanghai as the center, including access to Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Yantai, Lianyungang, many of the routes.
Hong Kong is the world-famous harbor of Keelung and Kaohsiung in Taiwan Province are China's major ports.
3. the main river routes
Yangtze River route, the Pearl River route, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal routes, such as the Songhua River route.
4.
major airline has flights to major cities in the country, the air can be gateway to Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania important cities in many countries.
5.
the county line the main roads have all been through an area of the car. expressway has been built which are: Beijing-Tianjin Tang put a line, a Shenzhen, Guangzhou line, Shenyang, Dalian line, Fuzhou, Xiamen, one line, a Shanghai Nanjing railway line, Chengdu, Chongqing, line one, Jinan, Qingdao, lines, and a.
6.
main pipeline transportation Pipeline transportation is mainly used to transport oil and natural gas. have been completed and are Construction of the main pipeline transportation lines are: Daqing m Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Dalian, one of a Beijing, Renqiu one in Beijing, Qingdao Shengli oil field, length of 400 km. from Shaanxi to Beijing and from Xinjiang to Shanghai gas pipeline is also is stepping up its construction.
7. our main tourist resources
1 natural beauty: our natural tourism resources, to famous Silk Market, the most important landscapes. such as the famous five mountains (Dongyue Taishan, Huashan Mountain, Hengshan mountain , Hengshan, Songshan Zhongyue), four major Buddhist mountains (Mountain, Jiuhuashan, Putuo Mountain, Emei Mountain) and the scenery Wonderful Huangshan, Lushan, Stone, etc.; Guilin, Yangtze River Three Gorges; beautiful West Lake in Hangzhou, Wuxi Taihu Lake scenery, The ends of the earth Sanya, Hainan, Yunnan, Dali, Lijiang, Xishuangbanna and Taiwan, Sun Moon lake, are famous tourist destination.
2. Cultural Tourism Landscape
(l) of ancient culture and art treasures: a six ancient capitals (Xi'an , Luoyang, Nanjing, Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Beijing), dozens of historical and cultural city; the Great Wall. Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal; Beijing's Forbidden City and the Royal Mausoleum, Xi'an, Terracotta soldiers and horses commission, Nanjing Ming Dynasty Tombs, Mausoleum, Suzhou landscape architecture, Chengde Mountain Resort, Luoyang, Longmen Grottoes, Dunhuang murals, etc., are world famous.
(2) to commemorate the revolution: the famous revolutionary commemoration has Yan'an, Zunyi, Jinggangshan other.
(3 ) ethnic customs and local customs: of different nationalities, different regions, formed a different style, their own distinctive customs and folk festival atmosphere. If the Han Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival and Dragon Boat Festival, the Dai Water Festival, the Mongolian Naadam The General Assembly, such as Yi's Torch Festival.
In addition, our well-known modern engineering and architecture, colorful local specialty products, industrial products, the magic of Chinese medicine and good health, world famous Chinese dishes, Chinese and foreign tourists has great appeal.
(h) Northeast
1.
Northeast location, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces, located in China's northeastern border with North Korea and Russia, most in in the temperate zone.
2. topography and climate around the mountains and water, vast plains topography. climatic characteristics are: long, cold winter, short summer, and warm. winter, large areas of snow and frozen ground has changed throughout the year the allocation of water to ensure better soil moisture is conducive to agricultural production. but the heat conditions of insufficient chilling impact early frost
into agricultural income.
3. an important production base of agriculture and forestry the main food crops are corn, spring , wheat, grains, wheat production ranks first in the country. the major economic crops: soybean, sugar beet, flax, sugar beet production in Northeast for more than half the country's total. Liaodong Peninsula is famous for apples origin. Northeast Plain Forest in western China the largest shelter, up to 800 km, known as pine forest area. forest produced mink, deer horn, ginseng Su said the Northeast, Liaohe. Daqing Oilfield is China's largest crude oil supplier. the famous Grand Fushun coal mine there, Jixi, Hegang. Wenmingquanguo Anshan Iron and Benxi, Liaoning.
5. to heavy industrial system based Northeast China has basically formed steel, machinery, petroleum, coal, chemical and other heavy industry-based industrial system.
6. dense railway network with the main railway line Binzhou, Bin Sui, Harbin line. Shenyang is the largest city in Northeast China. Dalian Port is the largest seaport in Northeast. Songhua River is the main route northeast. Now China has built the longest expressway from Shenyang to Dalian.
(IX) in five provinces along the Yellow River Second City.
1.
extent and location of the Yellow River region, including Shaanxi, Shanxi, than the Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin five provinces and two cities, located in the warm temperate zone and the Central Plains hub location.
2. topographic plateau, plain terrain in this area except the main
north and south of the Yanshan Mountains, Dabie Mountains, the main Loess Plateau and the Haihe Plain, Huang-Huai Plain, northwest plains of North China Plain and the hills of Shandong. loess Plateau is the world's largest loess distribution.
3. temperate monsoon climate and agricultural production
Qinling mm Huaihe River is an important north-south line of climate demarcation line. the area is mostly warm temperate monsoon climate, long summer and winter, spring and short . crops or three crops a year, mostly two crops a year. favorable conditions for agricultural production is adequate heat, hot and rainy summer, water and heat over the same period, crop variety; disadvantage is the lack of moisture, precipitation concentrated, easy to produce flood Dry alkali disasters. precipitation concentrated in summer seven or eight two months, spring and early summer rainfall is often insufficient, so the drought threat to agricultural production is more widespread problem.
4. National cereals, wheat, cotton, a major producing area < br> North China is
grains, wheat, cotton, a major producing area. textile industry developed, the cotton textile industry center in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shijiazhuang, Handan, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, Xianyang, mainly along the Beijing-Guangzhou and the Longhai Railway line distribution.
5. rich in coal, oil, sea salt resources
Kailuan, Datong, Yangquan, Pingdingshan, West Beijing is a famous coal mines. Shanxi is China's largest coal energy base, known as the China's largest salt.
6. Jingjintang
the industrial zone industrial area, including Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Langfang City, and is an important economic area of the Yellow River core zone, is the country's iron and steel industry base, petrochemical and marine chemical bases, fuel and power base, machinery industrial bases, radio electronics, and textile industrial base industrial base. industry concentrated in two cities of Beijing and Tianjin.
7. to Beijing as the center of the rail transport network
in Beijing as the starting point of the main Beijing-Guangzhou railway, Beijing-Shanghai line, Beijing-Baotou line, Beijing-Harbin lines. China's first heavy unit double line electrified railway mm Qin, known as the first line of the railway in China. Beijing nine lines through strengthening the capital north of Shenzhen, Hong Kong's linked, communication north and south, while the exchange of goods, but also some of the less developed regions, especially along the old revolutionary base areas play an important role in economic development.
8. cities and ports
Beijing is the country's political and cultural center; integrated coastal area of Tianjin is China's industrial base; Tianjin by the Tianjin Tanggu, Newport three parts; Xi'an is a famous ancient capital; Qingdao is an important port; Qinhuangdao is under construction for the modernization of the coal export port.
(j) of the Yangtze River six provinces and one city
1.
extent and location of the area by the Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai six provinces and one City, a majority in the Qinling Mountains, north of the Huaihe River and south of Nanling, located in warm temperate and subtropical, east the East China Sea and Yellow Sea.
2. topography and important agricultural areas in the region
plains, hills Low Hill-based. topography is low, many rivers and lakes, dense river network, water and heat resources are sufficient, known as fishing grounds.
3.
four seasons climate and soil of the humid subtropical monsoon climate, water and heat conditions sufficient, growing season length, plant two crops a year and more conducive to agricultural development. but rainfall instability; late summer serious impact on agriculture.
rainy and summer drought problems: unstable plum, easy to produce drought and flood problems. severe summer drought, drought and heavy task.
red soil of this region, iron, aluminum, large component, is acid soil, organic matter less, the quality of sticky, you need organic fertilizer, add hydrated lime to be improved.
4.
tropical forest resources and timber area is an important tropical forest areas, forest to tea, oil Tong, tea and citrus-based; timber with fir, pine, bamboo-based.
5. Huai Huai liberation governance
frequent flooding, after the liberation of the people's government built a reservoir in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River, Dabie Mountains The Meishan Reservoir, Tongbai Mountain Reservoir, the South Bay has played a benefit. in the history of Anhui froze the famous Hangzhou Water Irrigation is one of the Huaihe River Basin. Zhejiang has Xin'anjiang hydropower, there is extension of Hunan Hydropower Station.
6. mineral and rivers and four major industrial
Dexing, Tongling, Anhui, Hubei Daye Copper production; Jiangxi Province produced more than tungsten; Hunan tin mine production of antimony; Hunan Shuikoushan lead and zinc production. Baoshan, Wuhan, Ma On Shan is an important iron and steel base. in Yangtze River, in large, Baoshan Iron and Steel Works, is China's largest iron and steel base.
7.
water and land transportation developed transport in this area is characterized by well-developed water transport in a dominant position L, Nanjing, Wuhan, Yichang , Changsha, Nanchang is an important land and water transportation center. Shanghai, Lianyungang, Nantong, Ningbo, Wenzhou, several important port in this region, is the leading gateway to South China and around the world.
8. Urban Agglomeration
Yangtze downstream is the city's most densely settled areas. is the largest city, river ports and seaports, a comprehensive industrial base. Wuhan is an important iron and steel, machinery, chemicals, textiles, food production base, has long been four provinces and one region and Hong Kong, Macao
1.
southern coastal range and location, including Fujian and Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi fll Hong Kong and Macau, the Tropic of Cancer across the Taiwan and Guangdong, Guangxi, China latitude minimum, the areas most affected by the ocean.
2.
hilly terrain. Mountain widespread, a small plain area. Guang Buka Manchester terrain in Guangxi, Guilin Qi along the mountain hills, rock beauty, the hole different, always the South of river known as the Pearl River artery.
4, characteristic of agricultural production and the production of important crops
Kiev Great Pearl River Delta-specific mode of agricultural production. The area is the country's major rice and sugarcane. Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula is China's development an important base for tropical crops. tropical crops in rubber, sisal, oil palm, coconut, coffee, cocoa, pepper. tropical fruits are: bananas, citrus, pineapple, mango, litchi and longan. < br> 5. opening up frontier
Economic Zones: Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen in Fujian Province and the introduction of the four special economic zones and opening up policy, the Hainan Special Economic Zone. also the Pearl River Delta of China, coastal Fujian, Guangxi and other places as the coastal economic development zone.
northwest of Hainan Island in the South China Sea, is the second largest island. is to find the country's development an important base for tropical cash crops. Hainan Island has rich iron ore in Western, North Bay and writing songs around the sea has rich offshore oil and gas, Yingge salt field is one of the three major salt, Hainan Island is also very good conditions for tourism resources. south of Sanya City, the concept of Hai Ting, ends of the earth, so Luhuitou historical sites attract tourists in particular.
6.
location and scope of Taiwan in the Taiwan Province of southeastern China sea in the east Pacific, north to the East China Sea, southwest of the South China Sea, Fujian Province, west of the Taiwan Strait and the sea .
the composition of Taiwan including the Taiwan Island and Taiwan Province near the Penghu Islands, the Diaoyu Islands, and many small islands, a total area of 36,000 square kilometers, is China's largest island. residents of the Han, the largest ethnic minority is the most populous Gaoshan.
the island of Taiwan about two-thirds area of the terrain is mountainous, mainly in the mountainous central and eastern Taiwan Island. several parallel mountain ranges for a southwest to northeast, runs through the island, since the east to west mountain range in Taitung, the Central Mountain Range, Yushan Mountain Range and Ali Mountain Range. Yushan highest mountain, 3997 meters above sea level, is Taiwan, but also the highest peak in eastern China. island wide western plains, such as alluvial Choshui made. Taiwan's population of industrial and agricultural, urban, transport mainly in the western plains.
natural resources and major agricultural products, Taiwan has a subtropical and tropical monsoon climate, warm and humid, water rich in geothermal resources. central and eastern mountains, from the foothills to Peak, the distribution of tropical, subtropical, temperate and boreal forests more than trees, is one of the important natural forest areas, known natural botanical garden in Asia.'s most famous economic forest trees, camphor production ranks first in the world.
western plains fertile soil, as the main growing areas. agricultural products to the rice, sugar cane. tea and fruit in the banana, pineapple known.
fish rich waters of Taiwan, the Taiwan Strait for the excellent fishing grounds.
variety of underground mineral Taiwan: more than mountains of gold, copper and other metal ores; western coal, oil distribution; the north area has abundant natural volcanic sulfur; West Coast beach areas; little precipitation, abundant sunshine, rich in sea salt; shallow areas of oil and natural gas reserves.
industry and tourism to Taiwan's industrial raw agricultural and forestry products processing industry, such as sugar, rice, ten, camphor, the bulk export commodities of canned pineapple. into 60 years later, foreign investment, the use of abundant labor, cheap ...
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Thursday, February 17, 2011
If your doctor as a disease
Two end of the day, any time I think no matter the topic for the medical people must be most concerned about. Just to see Dr. Xiao Fei hand in hand to write blog a blog, very inspiring, now reproduced, I think from a new perspective to the interpretation of the problem your doctor would still have great significance. article of a growing trend, while the authorities like a punch, as an important measure of medical reform, the separation of medicine from the hospital to start, start the movement to solve and expensive remediation. However, your doctor is a performance, according to the concept of medical He is a disease, what leads to your doctor (cause)? and expensive how did the (pathological process)? What is a reasonable treatment? How effective? adverse reactions what?
careful analysis, cause diverse and pathological processes complicated. This paper attempts to analyze , its own recorded history, there is medical treatment due to insufficient funds, or drug prices too high can not afford to give up treatment, loss of life recorded. The disease has evolved with the industrial revolution and mutation, and in the global pandemic, which is difficult diseases, there is no cure. the world's politicians, scientists and private groups dedicated to specific drug studies, and the expense of a large number of national life, but so far no breakthrough, but the groups accused each other of events continue to occur intensified. the infectious, chronic, intractable and fatal disease of the rising consumption of social resources, or even bankrupt the country, and even destroy the evil regime, .90 s, the outbreak of the disease in China and spread throughout the country.
and expensive etiology and pathogenesis
1. genes: Medicine is a discipline related to the life and health, as people seek to improve the health, the importance of the value of life, the medical health care system's demand urgent. In ancient times, physicians are mostly ancestral pharmacists, doctors act as barber, although classified as people trained in the medical industry the longest period of higher education and training, the mysterious and noble heritage of the occupational characteristics, therefore, invaluable life used to find high-priced services.
2. medical factors:
a ) excessive examination:
medical science progresses, large hospitals purchased a large number of advanced medical equipment. and in the past, listening, asking doctors to look for other medical treatment as the main means of physical examination, supplemented by three routine laboratory tests, done at the most a chest, spending is very low. and now, doctors rely on the practice in the treatment of advanced medical equipment, a full set of biochemical, CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET, etc., will increase the inspection fees. one of my colleagues fell one aunt wrestle, the doctor asked her whether the money, then let her accept the MRI, the results show as high several times in the MRI, increasing the patient's burden. in the United States, often a doctor for the patient open the a large number of rays, an increase of cancer risk, a phenomenon in our country have looked up the phenomenon. on the age of 50 women yearly mammography camera, did not significantly improve early breast cancer diagnosis and treatment rates, which seriously increased the health care burden. a large number of false positive rate, increasing the burden on the patient's spirit.
excessive examination is another promoter of medical identification not according to their personal health practices and determine the best implementation of diagnosis, to leave a .
the past, the use of medical devices are called secondary inspection, and now, a doctor of the patient's physical examination had been relegated to secondary status.
b) over-treatment are often superstitious
new treatments for new drugs and medical devices invented to hold good hope. often see in our surrounding, advanced cancer patients, tumor metastasis has been widely into the end stage of life, in the patient's family's request, the doctor will be the most expensive kind chemotherapy drugs, biological agents and radiation therapy programs for patients, several million yuan to drop down and did not save the patient's life. a cancer treatment drug, as long as the lives of cancer patients show will be extended to four months from two months , that is, to marvelous effect, p values showed significant differences, pharmaceutical sector in the risk-benefit assessment (risk-benefit), the approval of the drug market. in the factory and the media played in promoting the next, the ; beginning of clinical application. several hundred thousand dollars a course, and create the miracle is to extend the life of a patient for several months, resulting in the concentration of a waste of medical resources, huge debt after death of patients. Meanwhile, the life of those months in bed spent, there is no quality of life. As treatment is only concerned about the risk benefit ratio to the neglect of price (cost-effectiveness), and no drugs economics (pharmacoeconomics) concept, so the blind pursuit of high-tech, expensive treatment, is duration of disease and prognosis is good or bad, all the expensive biological agents, the economy can withstand a one to injection, no cure for the chronic diseases that laid the medical devices, the need for a long time and high R & D investment, leading to expensive. the competent authorities of both countries the use of new drugs Pharmacoeconomic evaluation, specify the principles of medical claims. appropriate evidence-based medical professional societies have already summarize and analyze the medical literature, the risk benefit ratio based on the Guiding Principles specify the medication. However, differences in the patient's individual disease clinical manifestations and differences in the development process and complexity, making the treatment guidelines can not be perfectly adapted to clinical practice, doctors must experience combined with his treatment plan. but some doctors not scientific assessment of the patient, feeling alone, the pursuit of new drug applications, unreasonable compatibility, resulting in drug abuse, increased medical expenses directly, and because of adverse reactions caused the patient injury and increase indirect burden.
d) the scientific ignorance
medical science advances in understanding the disease continues to depth, but we are human beings and their body is still very superficial understanding of the disease. We can not control our life path. In therapeutic area, a great , operative findings, tumor one centimeter in diameter, did not break pulp muscle, the success of tumor resection, lymph node biopsy was negative 4. After surgery, she faced the choice of follow-up treatment, consultation, three well-known doctor, there are three different views One is the need of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, because the tumor early, there is no transfer; other views that need chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the guiding principle of 11 lymph nodes to biopsy, and surgery only been done four lymph node biopsy, should be assumed that 7 as a tumor metastasis; third proposal is not regular chemotherapy, but have to eat some chemotherapy drugs. Three different views and allow patients to lose direction. Finally, in accordance with the views of the family, prefer to believe them, without regret, bite on the chemotherapy, and spent hundreds of thousands. because science can not point the way, only the seat of your pants
3.
commercial promoting the drug and medical device manufacturers was undoubtedly the largest expenditure in clinical practice. academic and pharmaceutical companies, often through economic means clinicians to promote prescription drugs. Some companies use the low wages of doctors irrationality, drug rebates for illegal means, the temptation to doctors, some of the clinical efficacy of drug abuse is not clear, increasing the financial burden of patients. There are some pharmaceutical companies have been evolved into a travel company, in order to achieve the purpose of sale of drugs, seduce a doctor, great rivers and mountains in the Wanbian country, began to international forward, currently out of Asia into the Middle East. This is no academic value in order to sell drugs the purpose of commercial tourism, all of the developed and developing countries are prohibited, but such marketing model has become very popular in our country, nothing to fear, there is no obstacle. even in their law-abiding individual multinational pharmaceutical companies, also use ; conditions and customs
a) treatment method
uneven economic development in China, along with the great gap between the medical standards, the patient superstition big cities, large hospitals, whether or not it is necessary, both to travel long distances, to the provincial capital, and even municipalities to see a doctor, often travel, accommodation and other expenses counted in the total costs of medical care. Meanwhile, the relatives who accompanied the loss of working time to see a doctor fees, did not hesitate to increase in medical costs, so that your doctor feel more severe.
b) the demands of patients in the outpatient
, is no stranger to these words: to my children with the best treatment is outrageous, forcing relatives and friends lend a helping hand to patients at critical moments, the full funding, to find the most famous hospitals and specialists for treatment, referrals, and patients sometimes find out the number of red packets should be given. In our country, if not to give red envelopes before surgery, heart patients and their families is not practical. But when the disease has gone remission or patients, family members tend to feel tremendous economic pressure, and even enemies due to their inability to repay debt and for the enemy, and put this huge amount of expenses (including the red envelope ) operator in your doctor's books.
or colleague's aunt, when diagnosed as list, starting from the top, her whole family. My colleagues pharmaceutical industry through the famous journalist, to find the list of top doctors, found that admissions for Liu doctor, expertise, sports medicine, and business in the field, he moved to another Suiyou a big city hospital. would have been a simple orthopedic surgery, have been repeatedly delayed, the disease became more complex, medical and non-medical expenses increased significantly, while the 5. counterfeit and substandard drugs harm
four thousand years of history, the ancients left us a lot of valuable wealth of traditional medicines and therapies, but also a lot of dross mixed. Some unscrupulous businessmen and became a doctor officers the name of the use of modern technology, Western medicine in Chinese medicine mixed (such as: corticosteroids), poses a great security risk. The patients are often in the media, advertising, relatives, friends and patients, encouraged buy fake drugs. And this account is considered the doctor's expenses, adding to the medical resources, established a barefoot doctors, commune health clinics, county hospitals, to city hospitals, provincial and teaching hospitals as the main line of the hierarchy of medical security system, covering the whole country. was not the money to see a doctor, and habits of such a concept has been continues to this day now, see a doctor to spend money, the feeling is the additional expenditure.
7. of the hospital ward bed outpatient registration fees and charges are surprisingly low, less than the admission fee to see a doctor to see the film, charging less than the hostel beds . But the hospital's equipment and staffing and the cost to be much more complex than the former. the price of drugs is also uneven, and some very low drug prices. In all, while prices of production, and only continued in the lower drug prices, resulting in infusion compared with the same dose of mineral water, cola and cheaper supermarket, and some pharmaceutical companies use their own water purification system producing mineral water, its profits exceeded production intravenous infusion.
national investment and commitment of less disposable income for the country 24% of GDP, combined with large national savings 10% GDP of capital income, disposable wealth to 34% of the GDP, is the highest in the world. China's medical health has not been released, should be 3% GDP, the lowest ranks of the world. EC countries and Canada's government health input to 8% of GDP, the U.S. health care consumption was 16% GDP. As early as 100 years ago, the German Emperor to win over the occupation of the country, the implementation of a universal health insurance, the United Kingdom and Canada also implemented the national burden of health care system, national institutions to assess and enforce the principle of reasonable treatment, severely punish the abuse of drugs, and pharmaceutical companies to bargain. of the past 30 years to the gradual abolition of the main line of public health labor, rural cooperative medical care and demise of barefoot doctors, Youyi witchcraft rampant in rural areas, the health care burden of corporate and personal push and make the hospital their own money to survive. In the worst health care system in the United States, 40 million people without health insurance, and only until the condition worsened, to the emergency room for treatment. because of the law, emergency rooms can not refuse to re-patients, emergency treatment must be free of charge to patients, the state pays the bill. But in our country, often critically ill patients denied coverage in the emergency room beyond.
8. National
inequality between doctor when some people do not want money from the state pays the bill, some people need their own pay part or all medical expenses, with the formation of a citizen of the Republic and enjoy the different treatment, which would be more the former, even if their much burden will Xiangui. some of the patients over the age of 100 years old, has been unconscious for several years, blowing several ventilators bad, because it is the senior retired cadre, expensive and pointless treatment in the continuation of wasting a lot of human, financial and space. unequal and unreasonable medical resources distribution, resulting in poor people's basic health is no guarantee of individual elite brutal occupation of medical resources.
Therefore, we have implemented health care reform, To solve your doctor ills, Wan can not
careful analysis, cause diverse and pathological processes complicated. This paper attempts to analyze , its own recorded history, there is medical treatment due to insufficient funds, or drug prices too high can not afford to give up treatment, loss of life recorded. The disease has evolved with the industrial revolution and mutation, and in the global pandemic, which is difficult diseases, there is no cure. the world's politicians, scientists and private groups dedicated to specific drug studies, and the expense of a large number of national life, but so far no breakthrough, but the groups accused each other of events continue to occur intensified. the infectious, chronic, intractable and fatal disease of the rising consumption of social resources, or even bankrupt the country, and even destroy the evil regime, .90 s, the outbreak of the disease in China and spread throughout the country.
and expensive etiology and pathogenesis
1. genes: Medicine is a discipline related to the life and health, as people seek to improve the health, the importance of the value of life, the medical health care system's demand urgent. In ancient times, physicians are mostly ancestral pharmacists, doctors act as barber, although classified as people trained in the medical industry the longest period of higher education and training, the mysterious and noble heritage of the occupational characteristics, therefore, invaluable life used to find high-priced services.
2. medical factors:
a ) excessive examination:
medical science progresses, large hospitals purchased a large number of advanced medical equipment. and in the past, listening, asking doctors to look for other medical treatment as the main means of physical examination, supplemented by three routine laboratory tests, done at the most a chest, spending is very low. and now, doctors rely on the practice in the treatment of advanced medical equipment, a full set of biochemical, CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET, etc., will increase the inspection fees. one of my colleagues fell one aunt wrestle, the doctor asked her whether the money, then let her accept the MRI, the results show as high several times in the MRI, increasing the patient's burden. in the United States, often a doctor for the patient open the a large number of rays, an increase of cancer risk, a phenomenon in our country have looked up the phenomenon. on the age of 50 women yearly mammography camera, did not significantly improve early breast cancer diagnosis and treatment rates, which seriously increased the health care burden. a large number of false positive rate, increasing the burden on the patient's spirit.
excessive examination is another promoter of medical identification not according to their personal health practices and determine the best implementation of diagnosis, to leave a .
the past, the use of medical devices are called secondary inspection, and now, a doctor of the patient's physical examination had been relegated to secondary status.
b) over-treatment are often superstitious
new treatments for new drugs and medical devices invented to hold good hope. often see in our surrounding, advanced cancer patients, tumor metastasis has been widely into the end stage of life, in the patient's family's request, the doctor will be the most expensive kind chemotherapy drugs, biological agents and radiation therapy programs for patients, several million yuan to drop down and did not save the patient's life. a cancer treatment drug, as long as the lives of cancer patients show will be extended to four months from two months , that is, to marvelous effect, p values showed significant differences, pharmaceutical sector in the risk-benefit assessment (risk-benefit), the approval of the drug market. in the factory and the media played in promoting the next, the ; beginning of clinical application. several hundred thousand dollars a course, and create the miracle is to extend the life of a patient for several months, resulting in the concentration of a waste of medical resources, huge debt after death of patients. Meanwhile, the life of those months in bed spent, there is no quality of life. As treatment is only concerned about the risk benefit ratio to the neglect of price (cost-effectiveness), and no drugs economics (pharmacoeconomics) concept, so the blind pursuit of high-tech, expensive treatment, is duration of disease and prognosis is good or bad, all the expensive biological agents, the economy can withstand a one to injection, no cure for the chronic diseases that laid the medical devices, the need for a long time and high R & D investment, leading to expensive. the competent authorities of both countries the use of new drugs Pharmacoeconomic evaluation, specify the principles of medical claims. appropriate evidence-based medical professional societies have already summarize and analyze the medical literature, the risk benefit ratio based on the Guiding Principles specify the medication. However, differences in the patient's individual disease clinical manifestations and differences in the development process and complexity, making the treatment guidelines can not be perfectly adapted to clinical practice, doctors must experience combined with his treatment plan. but some doctors not scientific assessment of the patient, feeling alone, the pursuit of new drug applications, unreasonable compatibility, resulting in drug abuse, increased medical expenses directly, and because of adverse reactions caused the patient injury and increase indirect burden.
d) the scientific ignorance
medical science advances in understanding the disease continues to depth, but we are human beings and their body is still very superficial understanding of the disease. We can not control our life path. In therapeutic area, a great , operative findings, tumor one centimeter in diameter, did not break pulp muscle, the success of tumor resection, lymph node biopsy was negative 4. After surgery, she faced the choice of follow-up treatment, consultation, three well-known doctor, there are three different views One is the need of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, because the tumor early, there is no transfer; other views that need chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the guiding principle of 11 lymph nodes to biopsy, and surgery only been done four lymph node biopsy, should be assumed that 7 as a tumor metastasis; third proposal is not regular chemotherapy, but have to eat some chemotherapy drugs. Three different views and allow patients to lose direction. Finally, in accordance with the views of the family, prefer to believe them, without regret, bite on the chemotherapy, and spent hundreds of thousands. because science can not point the way, only the seat of your pants
3.
commercial promoting the drug and medical device manufacturers was undoubtedly the largest expenditure in clinical practice. academic and pharmaceutical companies, often through economic means clinicians to promote prescription drugs. Some companies use the low wages of doctors irrationality, drug rebates for illegal means, the temptation to doctors, some of the clinical efficacy of drug abuse is not clear, increasing the financial burden of patients. There are some pharmaceutical companies have been evolved into a travel company, in order to achieve the purpose of sale of drugs, seduce a doctor, great rivers and mountains in the Wanbian country, began to international forward, currently out of Asia into the Middle East. This is no academic value in order to sell drugs the purpose of commercial tourism, all of the developed and developing countries are prohibited, but such marketing model has become very popular in our country, nothing to fear, there is no obstacle. even in their law-abiding individual multinational pharmaceutical companies, also use ; conditions and customs
a) treatment method
uneven economic development in China, along with the great gap between the medical standards, the patient superstition big cities, large hospitals, whether or not it is necessary, both to travel long distances, to the provincial capital, and even municipalities to see a doctor, often travel, accommodation and other expenses counted in the total costs of medical care. Meanwhile, the relatives who accompanied the loss of working time to see a doctor fees, did not hesitate to increase in medical costs, so that your doctor feel more severe.
b) the demands of patients in the outpatient
, is no stranger to these words: to my children with the best treatment is outrageous, forcing relatives and friends lend a helping hand to patients at critical moments, the full funding, to find the most famous hospitals and specialists for treatment, referrals, and patients sometimes find out the number of red packets should be given. In our country, if not to give red envelopes before surgery, heart patients and their families is not practical. But when the disease has gone remission or patients, family members tend to feel tremendous economic pressure, and even enemies due to their inability to repay debt and for the enemy, and put this huge amount of expenses (including the red envelope ) operator in your doctor's books.
or colleague's aunt, when diagnosed as list, starting from the top, her whole family. My colleagues pharmaceutical industry through the famous journalist, to find the list of top doctors, found that admissions for Liu doctor, expertise, sports medicine, and business in the field, he moved to another Suiyou a big city hospital. would have been a simple orthopedic surgery, have been repeatedly delayed, the disease became more complex, medical and non-medical expenses increased significantly, while the 5. counterfeit and substandard drugs harm
four thousand years of history, the ancients left us a lot of valuable wealth of traditional medicines and therapies, but also a lot of dross mixed. Some unscrupulous businessmen and became a doctor officers the name of the use of modern technology, Western medicine in Chinese medicine mixed (such as: corticosteroids), poses a great security risk. The patients are often in the media, advertising, relatives, friends and patients, encouraged buy fake drugs. And this account is considered the doctor's expenses, adding to the medical resources, established a barefoot doctors, commune health clinics, county hospitals, to city hospitals, provincial and teaching hospitals as the main line of the hierarchy of medical security system, covering the whole country. was not the money to see a doctor, and habits of such a concept has been continues to this day now, see a doctor to spend money, the feeling is the additional expenditure.
7. of the hospital ward bed outpatient registration fees and charges are surprisingly low, less than the admission fee to see a doctor to see the film, charging less than the hostel beds . But the hospital's equipment and staffing and the cost to be much more complex than the former. the price of drugs is also uneven, and some very low drug prices. In all, while prices of production, and only continued in the lower drug prices, resulting in infusion compared with the same dose of mineral water, cola and cheaper supermarket, and some pharmaceutical companies use their own water purification system producing mineral water, its profits exceeded production intravenous infusion.
national investment and commitment of less disposable income for the country 24% of GDP, combined with large national savings 10% GDP of capital income, disposable wealth to 34% of the GDP, is the highest in the world. China's medical health has not been released, should be 3% GDP, the lowest ranks of the world. EC countries and Canada's government health input to 8% of GDP, the U.S. health care consumption was 16% GDP. As early as 100 years ago, the German Emperor to win over the occupation of the country, the implementation of a universal health insurance, the United Kingdom and Canada also implemented the national burden of health care system, national institutions to assess and enforce the principle of reasonable treatment, severely punish the abuse of drugs, and pharmaceutical companies to bargain. of the past 30 years to the gradual abolition of the main line of public health labor, rural cooperative medical care and demise of barefoot doctors, Youyi witchcraft rampant in rural areas, the health care burden of corporate and personal push and make the hospital their own money to survive. In the worst health care system in the United States, 40 million people without health insurance, and only until the condition worsened, to the emergency room for treatment. because of the law, emergency rooms can not refuse to re-patients, emergency treatment must be free of charge to patients, the state pays the bill. But in our country, often critically ill patients denied coverage in the emergency room beyond.
8. National
inequality between doctor when some people do not want money from the state pays the bill, some people need their own pay part or all medical expenses, with the formation of a citizen of the Republic and enjoy the different treatment, which would be more the former, even if their much burden will Xiangui. some of the patients over the age of 100 years old, has been unconscious for several years, blowing several ventilators bad, because it is the senior retired cadre, expensive and pointless treatment in the continuation of wasting a lot of human, financial and space. unequal and unreasonable medical resources distribution, resulting in poor people's basic health is no guarantee of individual elite brutal occupation of medical resources.
Therefore, we have implemented health care reform, To solve your doctor ills, Wan can not
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Dell 1088 series laptop crashes experienced consumer rights group
Data for Dell 1088 series notebook
Click here to see all news pictures
early in the first half of 2010, Dell 1088 Series Notebook Dead phenomenon often the problem to be widespread concern in the community, but the issue remains unresolved so far, Dell has not responded positively to this question. Edit learned that the consumer rights group self-organized QQ number has now reached the hundreds.
whether the reduction of consumer complaints
2010 major media have reported on the Dell 1088 series laptop often crashes the incident, but it seems Dell does not believe that This is a very difficult thing, editors learned from the mouth of the consumer, many consumers are among the very few consumer issues have been resolved, the majority of consumers are still in a .
At first, consumers only to set up a Dell 1088 series laptop crash phenomenon of activist groups, but soon the number of the group will be at full strength, the consumer soon established a second, third QQ rights group, the editor of Statistics now add up to three the total number of QQ group has reached 352 people.
Click here to see all news pictures
early in the first half of 2010, Dell 1088 Series Notebook Dead phenomenon often the problem to be widespread concern in the community, but the issue remains unresolved so far, Dell has not responded positively to this question. Edit learned that the consumer rights group self-organized QQ number has now reached the hundreds.
whether the reduction of consumer complaints
2010 major media have reported on the Dell 1088 series laptop often crashes the incident, but it seems Dell does not believe that This is a very difficult thing, editors learned from the mouth of the consumer, many consumers are among the very few consumer issues have been resolved, the majority of consumers are still in a .
At first, consumers only to set up a Dell 1088 series laptop crash phenomenon of activist groups, but soon the number of the group will be at full strength, the consumer soon established a second, third QQ rights group, the editor of Statistics now add up to three the total number of QQ group has reached 352 people.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
To a certain
1,
I see all the smiles
temperature close to my heart
them the Mood for Love
open in an infinite spring day
I have only one
blood and tears to sway the unknown light
that implantation earth footprints
each step, can light up a star
2,
him through the gift of life The
each, about the history presented to the alley
durable yet grace
loud and cheerful full surplus
;
Poem with sound
ourselves also from A
who can quietly to avoid it
or silent lower your eyes
3,
and you will suffer fire and water
will also bring wishes owned
start with a happy ending
like natural Vientiane General
did not lack courage in an age
exposed Open living metaphor
like a happy child
with a group of happy children are learning
4, < / p>
everything can be destroyed
all are still sticking
all have to travel
all are also will be coming back
we all must learn to forget
we must not forget
We are not child's play of the mission
Alternatively, counting only simple and true love reading
I see all the smiles
temperature close to my heart
them the Mood for Love
open in an infinite spring day
I have only one
blood and tears to sway the unknown light
that implantation earth footprints
each step, can light up a star
2,
him through the gift of life The
each, about the history presented to the alley
durable yet grace
loud and cheerful full surplus
;
Poem with sound
ourselves also from A
who can quietly to avoid it
or silent lower your eyes
3,
and you will suffer fire and water
will also bring wishes owned
start with a happy ending
like natural Vientiane General
did not lack courage in an age
exposed Open living metaphor
like a happy child
with a group of happy children are learning
4, < / p>
everything can be destroyed
all are still sticking
all have to travel
all are also will be coming back
we all must learn to forget
we must not forget
We are not child's play of the mission
Alternatively, counting only simple and true love reading
Monday, February 14, 2011
Desire
We often have a certain kind of things that I do not keep an infinite yearning
surfaced in my mind after all the
get a better weave fantasy, ah, do not want to be disturbed or even regret it clear
too early, if the closed Will touched upon the scene to continue the dream always was to wake up
mind when the reality seems to have been illusory, the only think
Oh! really be so happy you did not think much
strong in general,
just started a new cycle, new expectations, new fantasies, new access
get lost but it is also accompanied,
after excitement is plain
surfaced in my mind after all the
get a better weave fantasy, ah, do not want to be disturbed or even regret it clear
too early, if the closed Will touched upon the scene to continue the dream always was to wake up
mind when the reality seems to have been illusory, the only think
Oh! really be so happy you did not think much
strong in general,
just started a new cycle, new expectations, new fantasies, new access
get lost but it is also accompanied,
after excitement is plain
Sunday, February 13, 2011
Or push low-cost version of Apple's iPhone attack against Google Android
HC communication network
Beijing February 11, according to foreign media reports, sources, Apple is developing a cheaper, smaller size of the new iPhone, Google Android phone to withstand competition .
iPhone4 the current price in China remained high
Click here to see all news pictures
a bit to see prototypes of the sources said, compared to current models, the new iPhone smaller, lower prices. He requested anonymity because the plan has not been made public. Two other sources said that Apple iPhone is developing more easily make use of multiple wireless network technologies.
sick leave Apple CEO Steve Jobs is still involved in strategic decision-making, he hoped to narrow the price gap between Android phones. According to Canalys, said in the fourth quarter, Google's share of global smart phone market growth of 2-fold, reaching 32.9%, while Apple only 16%.
seen the prototype of the product, sources said Apple had considered the sale price of about $ 200 new iPhone, and does not require users to sign a two-year service contract. In response, Apple spokeswoman Natalie Chris (NatalieKerris) declined to comment.
smaller, less expensive
The source said that while Apple's goal is to launch the new version of the iPhone, but it may be delayed or canceled; Apple employees rarely know the details of the project. Apple R & D products are often secret.
This person had seen the prototype last year, he said, the new iPhone iPhone4 smaller than the size of 1 / 3. He also said Apple may sell at lower prices, mainly because of the new smart phones will use the current model used by the processor, display and other components, rather than the price of next-generation iPhone to use higher, more advanced components. Parts prices are generally decline over time.
two other sources said Apple is also developing dual-mode phones, the use of the world's two major wireless standards GSM and CDMA. It is unclear whether Apple intends to use the cheaper iPhone this feature. Universal SIM
One source said that Apple is developing a technology known as Universal SIM card, SIM card can be changed without the iPhone to switch between different GSM networks. This helps reduce the number of sales and management of the cost of millions of SIM cards.
This new feature also allows Apple customers on the mobile operators have the advantage of. Apple has also redesigned the iPhone software that allows customers to choose the network and set up their own, without relying on the clerk or operator representative. Apple profits downward pressure
marketing action precedent. In 2004, when the original $ 299 in iPod sales are still rising, the company launched a $ 249 a iPodMini. In 2005, when iPodMini still selling, Jobs stopped the sale of cheaper iPodNano. January Apple will lower the price of iPhone3GS to only $ 49, although the need to sign two-year contract.
price reduction and cancellation of operator subsidies may reduce Apple's profit margins, even if the spare parts prices. However, if Apple makes iPhone more flexible and cost-effective, Google's Android operating system may blow.
Google support Apple operating systems also benefit from Verizon Wireless is not selling. But on Thursday, Verizon Wireless began selling iPhone.
(Editor: Zhang Xia)
Beijing February 11, according to foreign media reports, sources, Apple is developing a cheaper, smaller size of the new iPhone, Google Android phone to withstand competition .
iPhone4 the current price in China remained high
Click here to see all news pictures
a bit to see prototypes of the sources said, compared to current models, the new iPhone smaller, lower prices. He requested anonymity because the plan has not been made public. Two other sources said that Apple iPhone is developing more easily make use of multiple wireless network technologies.
sick leave Apple CEO Steve Jobs is still involved in strategic decision-making, he hoped to narrow the price gap between Android phones. According to Canalys, said in the fourth quarter, Google's share of global smart phone market growth of 2-fold, reaching 32.9%, while Apple only 16%.
seen the prototype of the product, sources said Apple had considered the sale price of about $ 200 new iPhone, and does not require users to sign a two-year service contract. In response, Apple spokeswoman Natalie Chris (NatalieKerris) declined to comment.
smaller, less expensive
The source said that while Apple's goal is to launch the new version of the iPhone, but it may be delayed or canceled; Apple employees rarely know the details of the project. Apple R & D products are often secret.
This person had seen the prototype last year, he said, the new iPhone iPhone4 smaller than the size of 1 / 3. He also said Apple may sell at lower prices, mainly because of the new smart phones will use the current model used by the processor, display and other components, rather than the price of next-generation iPhone to use higher, more advanced components. Parts prices are generally decline over time.
two other sources said Apple is also developing dual-mode phones, the use of the world's two major wireless standards GSM and CDMA. It is unclear whether Apple intends to use the cheaper iPhone this feature. Universal SIM
One source said that Apple is developing a technology known as Universal SIM card, SIM card can be changed without the iPhone to switch between different GSM networks. This helps reduce the number of sales and management of the cost of millions of SIM cards.
This new feature also allows Apple customers on the mobile operators have the advantage of. Apple has also redesigned the iPhone software that allows customers to choose the network and set up their own, without relying on the clerk or operator representative. Apple profits downward pressure
marketing action precedent. In 2004, when the original $ 299 in iPod sales are still rising, the company launched a $ 249 a iPodMini. In 2005, when iPodMini still selling, Jobs stopped the sale of cheaper iPodNano. January Apple will lower the price of iPhone3GS to only $ 49, although the need to sign two-year contract.
price reduction and cancellation of operator subsidies may reduce Apple's profit margins, even if the spare parts prices. However, if Apple makes iPhone more flexible and cost-effective, Google's Android operating system may blow.
Google support Apple operating systems also benefit from Verizon Wireless is not selling. But on Thursday, Verizon Wireless began selling iPhone.
(Editor: Zhang Xia)
Friday, February 11, 2011
Health care reform should ensure that the legitimate rights and interests and enthusiasm of staff
Doctors as a high-risk, high-intensity career, both in the world have a higher income groups. However, the income of our country far from medical staff did not reflect the technical content and the risk.
As a career in medicine has nearly 40 years of experience of doctors, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Professor, SUN Jing-frankly told reporters, each looking at a out-patients, they receive compensation only 1.6 million. many doctors joked, also pay for work one morning not enough of a haircut.
In the interview, a Shanghai hospital medical reform pilot, a nurse told reporters report: to drugs to support medical, but our wages come from? now of the basic salary is 700 dollars, the hospital did a drug addition, that is, wages plus 200% original and no previous high. Health Minister Chen Zhu has said frankly, our country is indeed lower physician income, technical services, a reasonable value of labor has not been reflected at the appropriate time to consider the appropriate adjustments. He said that in the next 3 years of pilot work, on public hospitals corporate governance structure, some of the internal management of public hospitals, including the personnel system, incentives to do so will be actively explored to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of medical personnel.
pilot hospitals in Shandong Province since late last year, has been in the ministry, province Medical institutions are regulated by treatment fees, operation fees, the price of some medical services, also cut the large instrument checks the prices of such items. such as the liver transplant surgery from the previous 3,000 yuan to 5,000 yuan, increased to 1.5 million ; small bowel transplants rose to 1,000 yuan from 5,000 yuan, 700 yuan Caesarean surgery rose from 1,000 yuan. Shandong Province, a move intended to make health care and service charges to reflect the value of the medical staff skilled labor.
Guangdong Shunde District, Foshan City, is a nearly 120 million people with economically developed cities in 2004, full implementation of the cooperative medical insurance system for urban and rural residents, hospital medical insurance has achieved reduce the burden on the people to see a doctor as a starting point, starting in 2007, Shunde began to try health care reform. last two years, eat the crab, Shunde has worked out a new system of performance appraisal in public hospitals for the upcoming large-scale pilot projects to provide public hospital the reference.
2007 and 2008, Shunde have been carried out on the medical staff of medical institutions and practice of scoring the bad management. examination results and medical institutions and medical personnel examined parity promotion, recruitment, incentives linked to .2008, 6 there is bad practice of the medical institutions have been penalized a total score 44 points, including family planning service scope, ultrasound imaging and the use of non-health technicians in the diagnosis and treatment activities. In addition, scores of medical staff management carried out six months, there have been 19 hospitals started scoring, scoring a total of 711 passengers, the cumulative score 2746 points.
Shunde Joe Ouyang Xue, Deputy Secretary for Health, said: wide range of control and is not conducive to clear long-term management. two points, a combination of all aspects of the current regulatory requirements, so that medical institutions and medical personnel to practice their own specific codes of conduct, code of conduct to be observed, which changed from a passive management Active Management. At first, resistance to almost all medical personnel, often came to review, but after counseling experts to discuss the right or wrong, these people, whether in service or technical level, have taken the initiative put forward higher requirements on their own. Hospital satisfaction of the masses from the 89% rise in pre-trial to the current 95%. bad behavior of the score for the medical staff's self-monitoring and self-management. scientific assessment system also allows medical staff to maintain a good work ethic. > National People's Congress, Premier Zhou Cancer Hospital of Chongqing Qi pointed out that public hospitals should be under the guidance of national policy, reform of personnel management and distribution system, establishment of performance evaluation mechanisms focus on assessment of medical institutions and doctors to provide medical services quality and quantity mobilize the enthusiasm of doctors and patients will eventually benefit. think the Government should focus on planning the layout of medical institutions and hospitals in the functional position, avoid duplication of investment and waste of resources. the industry have suggested to improve the diagnosis and treatment charges a certain percentage of the price should be reflected in the physician income, the income of doctors to pay because of their service greatly improved, thereby reducing the drugs doctors receive kickbacks internal driving force, openly as On>>
As a career in medicine has nearly 40 years of experience of doctors, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Professor, SUN Jing-frankly told reporters, each looking at a out-patients, they receive compensation only 1.6 million. many doctors joked, also pay for work one morning not enough of a haircut.
In the interview, a Shanghai hospital medical reform pilot, a nurse told reporters report: to drugs to support medical, but our wages come from? now of the basic salary is 700 dollars, the hospital did a drug addition, that is, wages plus 200% original and no previous high. Health Minister Chen Zhu has said frankly, our country is indeed lower physician income, technical services, a reasonable value of labor has not been reflected at the appropriate time to consider the appropriate adjustments. He said that in the next 3 years of pilot work, on public hospitals corporate governance structure, some of the internal management of public hospitals, including the personnel system, incentives to do so will be actively explored to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of medical personnel.
pilot hospitals in Shandong Province since late last year, has been in the ministry, province Medical institutions are regulated by treatment fees, operation fees, the price of some medical services, also cut the large instrument checks the prices of such items. such as the liver transplant surgery from the previous 3,000 yuan to 5,000 yuan, increased to 1.5 million ; small bowel transplants rose to 1,000 yuan from 5,000 yuan, 700 yuan Caesarean surgery rose from 1,000 yuan. Shandong Province, a move intended to make health care and service charges to reflect the value of the medical staff skilled labor.
Guangdong Shunde District, Foshan City, is a nearly 120 million people with economically developed cities in 2004, full implementation of the cooperative medical insurance system for urban and rural residents, hospital medical insurance has achieved reduce the burden on the people to see a doctor as a starting point, starting in 2007, Shunde began to try health care reform. last two years, eat the crab, Shunde has worked out a new system of performance appraisal in public hospitals for the upcoming large-scale pilot projects to provide public hospital the reference.
2007 and 2008, Shunde have been carried out on the medical staff of medical institutions and practice of scoring the bad management. examination results and medical institutions and medical personnel examined parity promotion, recruitment, incentives linked to .2008, 6 there is bad practice of the medical institutions have been penalized a total score 44 points, including family planning service scope, ultrasound imaging and the use of non-health technicians in the diagnosis and treatment activities. In addition, scores of medical staff management carried out six months, there have been 19 hospitals started scoring, scoring a total of 711 passengers, the cumulative score 2746 points.
Shunde Joe Ouyang Xue, Deputy Secretary for Health, said: wide range of control and is not conducive to clear long-term management. two points, a combination of all aspects of the current regulatory requirements, so that medical institutions and medical personnel to practice their own specific codes of conduct, code of conduct to be observed, which changed from a passive management Active Management. At first, resistance to almost all medical personnel, often came to review, but after counseling experts to discuss the right or wrong, these people, whether in service or technical level, have taken the initiative put forward higher requirements on their own. Hospital satisfaction of the masses from the 89% rise in pre-trial to the current 95%. bad behavior of the score for the medical staff's self-monitoring and self-management. scientific assessment system also allows medical staff to maintain a good work ethic. > National People's Congress, Premier Zhou Cancer Hospital of Chongqing Qi pointed out that public hospitals should be under the guidance of national policy, reform of personnel management and distribution system, establishment of performance evaluation mechanisms focus on assessment of medical institutions and doctors to provide medical services quality and quantity mobilize the enthusiasm of doctors and patients will eventually benefit. think the Government should focus on planning the layout of medical institutions and hospitals in the functional position, avoid duplication of investment and waste of resources. the industry have suggested to improve the diagnosis and treatment charges a certain percentage of the price should be reflected in the physician income, the income of doctors to pay because of their service greatly improved, thereby reducing the drugs doctors receive kickbacks internal driving force, openly as On>>
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